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| • | More acidic oceans could profoundly affect plankton |
| Climate Change Microscopic ocean plants and animals may consume increasing amounts of carbon as oceans become more acidic, a new experiment carried out in the narrow fjords of Norway suggests. Scientists know that the world's oceans are becoming more acidic from the absorption of carbon dioxide from power plants, factories, and vehicles. Experiments have already shown that acidity could eat ... | |
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| • | Prophylactic Dexamethasone Decreases the Incidence of Sore Throat and Hoarseness After Tracheal Extubation with a Double-Lumen Endobronchial Tube |
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BACKGROUND: Postoperative sore throat and hoarseness are common complications after tracheal intubation, particularly after using a double-lumen endobronchial tube (DLT). We conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy of dexamethasone for reducing the incidence and severity of postoperative sore throat and hoarseness. METHODS: One hundred sixty-six patients (aged 18–75 yr) scheduled for thoracic surgery with a DLT were enrolled. Before induction of general anesthesia, 0.1 mg/kg dexamethasone (Group D1), 0.2 mg/kg dexamethasone (Group D2), or a placebo (Group P) were infused IV in a double-blind and prospectively randomized manner. Glottic exposure as defined by Cormack and Lehane score, resistance to DLT insertion, number of intubation attempts, time to achieve intubation, and the duration of tracheal intubation were recorded. At 1 h and 24 h after tracheal extubation, the patients were evaluated for sore throat and hoarseness using a visual analog scale (VAS; where 0 = no pain and 100 = worst pain imaginable). RESULTS: One hour after tracheal extubation, the incidence of postoperative sore throat and hoarseness, along with the severity of sore throat were lower in Group D1 (31%, P = 0.021; 11%, P = 0.003; and VAS 12.4, P < 0.001, respectively) and D2 (11%, P = 0.001; 4%, P = 0.001; and VAS 6.6, P < 0.001, respectively) compared with Group P (53%, 36% and VAS 30.9, respectively). Twenty-four hours after tracheal extubation, the incidence of postoperative sore throat, hoarseness, and the severity of sore throat were significantly lower in Group D2 (27%, P = 0.002; 15%, P = 0.001; and VAS 29.9, P < 0.002, respectively) compared with Group D1 (47%, 31%, and VAS = 43.9, respectively) and Group P (57%, 45%, and VAS = 51.3, respectively). There was no complication associated with the dexamethasone administration. CONCLUSION: The prophylactic use of 0.2 mg/kg of dexamethasone significantly decreases the incidence and severity of sore throat and hoarseness 1 h and 24 h after tracheal extubation of a DLT. |
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| • | DNA Microsatellite Analysis of Kenyan Isolates of Rhizoctonia solani from Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) |
| Seven hundred and fifty bean plant samples with root rot symptoms were collected from farmers' fields during two surreys carried out in Embu district, Kenya. Various fungal pathogens were isolated in the laboratory from these samples; among them were 50 isolates of Rhizoctonia solani, which were subjected to pathogenicity tests in a glasshouse. Thirty-six isolates of R. solani obtained from beans with root rots were subjected to DNA microsatellite analysis. Five isolates of R. solani that cause black scarf of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) were also analysed alongside those from the beans. A total of 50 alleles were detected when six microsatellite loci were typed in the 41 samples, with the mean of 8.33 and a range of 3 at locus RB23 to 19 at locus AF513014. The smallest allele size was 129 basepair at locus RE102 and the largest was 297 basepair at locus AY212027. Microsatellite analysis showed a moderate variation among the isolates from different agro-ecological zones and administrative boundaries (divisions). Phylogenetic analysis revealed 3 major clusters within the population of 41 isolates of R. solani from Kenya. Clusters 1, 2 and 3 had 15, 10 and 75% isolates, respectively. However, cluster 3 had 4 sub-clusters and cluster 1 had 2 sub-clusters, while cluster 2 did not have a sub-cluster. There was no relationship between microsatellites and geographical origin of the isolates. This is the first study on the genetic diversity of R. solani using DNA microsatellite analysis in Kenya. | |
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| • | St. Jude identifies genomic causes of a certain type of leukemia relapse |
| Scientists at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital have identified distinctive genetic changes in the cancer cells of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) that cause relapse. The finding offers a pathway to designing treatments for ALL relapse in children and, ultimately, in adults. The most common childhood cancer, ALL affects thousands of children annually in the United Stat... | |
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| • | The Age of Entanglement by Louisa Gilder |
The Age of Entanglement eBook, 352 pages | Knopf | Science - Quantum Theory | $27.50 | November 11, 2008 | 978-0-307-27036-8 (0-307-27036-X) |
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